Outsourcing In The Airline Industry - 833 Words

Outsourcing in aviation has become a very common practice. It now encompasses everyone from manufactures like Boeing and Airbus to airlines outsourcing their maintenance, ground labor, even ticketing and customer service. Usually most proponents of outsourcing will cite that it saves money and possibly increases knowledge sharing, which can lead to new innovations. Those that are against outsourcing often bring up the fact that you can easily loose quality control, poor customer service and possible jeopardize safety in the pursuit of saving money. On the airline level outsourcing has taken over as the new standard for most airlines. This outsourcing starts at baggage handlers, ticket agents and airline operations at most smaller†¦show more content†¦Those against outsourcing argue that both safety and the quality of the product is in jeopardy. Another issue with outsourcing is that fact that jobs are lost or moved when they are outsourced. This can easily be considered unet hical as large companies are only trading profit at the cost of stability of jobs, and future generations of local workers. Just because a company can outsource and save some money it may not be the most ethical choice for the company or its workers. I believe that the focus should be on ethics when it comes to outsourcing, it is important for companies to be able to make a profit, though this profit should never come at the loss of jobs at home, these jobs provide stability for families and this stability is the backbone of future generations. Without building a strong infrastructure for future workers we are only weakening our industries and our country. Another problem I see is that many companies that are outsourcing overseas are doing so to save money, not only from labor costs but from paying taxes. I believe if there were better tax incentivesShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Outsourcing On The Airline Industry1291 Words   |  6 PagesThis report is to provide an analysis of th e effect of outsourcing in the airline industry. In the airlines, outsourcing is very common especially at small cities and international locations. It has its advantages and disadvantage. It helps to reduce costs such as payroll, benefits and any other related costs. Also, it has it disadvantage such as the quality of the work could be affected. I also will look into the process for an airline beginning to outsource a location (or stations) that was notRead MoreOutsourcing Of Aviation Maintenance Practices And The Effects Of Globalization1352 Words   |  6 Pages Outsourcing of Aviation Maintenance Practices and the Effects of Globalization Matthew Wilkerson Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Worldwide May 16, 2016 â€Æ' Abstract Within the aviation industry outsourced maintenance practices have become increasingly more prevalent to maintain current assets. There is generally three processes currently being utilized by the airline industry: outsourcing specific maintenance needs, in-house operations, and lastly, a hybrid approach, which entails a combinationRead MoreContinental Airlines1616 Words   |  7 PagesManaging IT for Business Continental Airlines: Outsourcing IT to Support Business Transformation Questions: 1. Why is it necessary to have top management support for the implementation of technology innovations? Innovation implementation require adequate resources including money, but more importantly, people and time. These resources will not be formed without top management support. Top management support is essential for the project since it is they who allocate the funds whichRead MoreWhat cost reduction measures would you implement and why?1610 Words   |  7 Pagesyour low cost carrier (LCC) is in financial difficulty. As the CEO of this LCC, you however believe that if the airline manages to control the cost, your airline can survive. You therefore decide to reduce the operating expanse including the labour cost but you would avoid lay-offs. What cost reduction measures would you implement and why? In airline industry, the cost can break to two parts: fixed cost and variable cost. And there is very hard to cutting off of the fixedRead MoreEssay On Outsource1267 Words   |  6 PagesOutsource Abstract: Outsourcing has become a major trend over the past decade. More and more companies, both small or large even the employee, are turning to outsourcing to grow while restraining the costs. The growth of outsourcing seems to base on a fundamental belief that outsourcing creates wealth and delivers value to companies that outsource. Outsourcing has allowed small businesses to focus on their businesses agendas, reduce costs, but many organizations are frustrated that outsource hadRead MoreCase Study : Alaskan Airlines Flight 2611552 Words   |  7 Pages On January 31, 2000, Alaskan Airlines flight 261 took off from Puerto Vallarta, Mexico on its way to Seattle-Tacoma International Airport. The flight was scheduled to have a stop along the way in San Francisco. This flight never made it to its destination, instead it crashed into the Pacific Ocean killing everyone on board; 83 lives in total. The National Transportation Safety Board determined: That the probable cause of this accident was a loss of airplane pitch control resulting from the in-flightRead MoreAviation Maintenance Trends1789 Words   |  7 PagesAviation MaitenanceTrends To fly was a tremendous triumph for mankind, who was previously sentenced to a life only walking the earth. Since the inception of the airplane, there has been aircraft maintenance. However, this industry has changed dramatically throughout the years and now involves highly innovative technologies and incredibly skilled technicians in order to best maintain the incredibly complex aircraft that fly in todays skies. Maintaining an aircraft is a harmonious blend betweenRead MoreEffects of Outsourcing1106 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is outsourcing? We have all heard the term thrown around but what does it really mean? Outsourcing is defined as contracting, sub-contracting, or externalizing non-core activities to free up cash, personnel, time, and facilities for activities where the firm holds competitive advantage(BD,09).Outsourcing happens when company’s choose to purchases their needed products and or services from an outside supplier ( mainly other countries), rather than doing the same work within their own facilitiesRead MoreThe Market Of The Aviation Industry Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pageshuman relations movement. The airline industry all around the globe is becoming more and more competitive nowadays (PricewaterhouseCoopers 2014). It requires the corporates to have strategic planning in order to maintain their growth and market share. Transformation program that involves every single individual in the organisation can effectively help it adapts and develops further. Though it is important to spend less and earn more to survive in such competitive industry, it is also important to investRead MoreAnalysis Of Porter Five Forces Analysis Qantas740 Words   |  3 PagesPorter five-force analysis (Crain, 2010), analyses the competitiveness and attractiveness of the air transport industry, which consists of Qantas Airways. The following are forces considered in the analysis. Industry Rivalry: Intense rivalry remains in the air transport industry, where a large number of airline operators, compete for customer loyalty. A number of factors affecting industry rivalry include pricing, service quality and level (Shchiglik Barnes, 2004), and available travel routes. Qantas

Dissertation Guide on Wireless Mobile Communication Technology in Nigeria Free Essays

The following dissertation guide seeks to investigate how wireless mobile communication technology could be implemented in rural areas of Nigeria, to help assist Public Health concerns. Background research The history of Nigeria dates back to 9000 years BCE. Beyond the slavery, postcolonial British rule, instability and civil wars, a democratic rule is now at the centre of Africa’s most populated country [1]. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation Guide on Wireless Mobile Communication Technology in Nigeria or any similar topic only for you Order Now With a population of approximately 140 million peoples and an area almost spanning 1 million kilometres squared, although English is the official national language, regional languages still remain and are spoken across Nigeria. Languages including Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba, reflect the four main groups of which the population of Nigeria are subdivided; inNorth Africa, Hausa and Fulani, in the southwest Yoruba and the Igbo in the southeast [2]. There are 37 federal states inNigeria, with Abuja as the State Federal Capital, situated at the epicentre of Nigeria[3]. A project of the public health foundation of Nigeria was set up with the primary objective to reenergise Nigerian Health communities and bridge relations with the health sector to improve health for Nigerians nationwide [4]. Numerous communication systems involving wireless communication for use in transmitting voice, video and data in local or wide areas have evolved within the last century including such things as wireless local area networks, multidirectional wireless cellular systems, wireless bridges and satellite communication systems [5]. Two companies Zain and the internationally renound Ericsson companies have collaborated with the United Nations into Nigeria, with the aim of alleviating poverty and bring a sense of autonomy to rural people in Nigeria. With the advent of the â€Å"Millennium Village Project† the future looks bright for the health of rural communities in Nigeria[6]. References [1] Falola, Toyin; Heaton, Matthew M. A history of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. (2008). [2] http://www.trust.org/alertnet/country-profiles/nigeria/ [3] http://www.citypopulation.de/Nigeria.html#Land [4] http://www.phfn.org/ [5] Encyclopedia of Wireless and MobileCommunications. Editor, Borko Furht. 2008. ISBN: 978-1-4200-4326-6 (hardback) 978-1-4200-5562-7 (electronic) [6] http://www.itnewsafrica.com/?p=2678 Core issues that shall be addressed in the literature review: Four main areas shall be the focal point of this review. 1) Federal Republic of Nigeria- country profile including; government, GDP, geography area, people; languages, population density, population growth, races/religions/tribes, poverty fraction. 2) Health system in Nigeria – with emphasis on Public health, history of public health inNigeria, how it was set up, development since, management programmes 3) Access to public health for remote and rural communities –, what is considered a â€Å"remote community† – choosing two/three regions, take an in depth look at the measures adopted to ensure patients in these areas have access to the health system. Is the health they receive different from that of other area such as the Capital Abuja, how is it different and what are the reasons for them. 4) Wireless Mobile Communication technology – What is itWhen was it invented, potential uses, how it has been utilised so far and in what circumstances. How will it be implemented into public health programmes, costs involved, what effects (positive/negative) will it have on the social and medical outlook for these remote regions. How to cite Dissertation Guide on Wireless Mobile Communication Technology in Nigeria, Essays

Halfcast and Unrelated incidents Essay Example For Students

Halfcast and Unrelated incidents Essay The poems I am comparing are Half-Caste, written by John Agard possibly during the twentieth century, due to that being the era Agard moved to England, encountering racism and misunderstanding of other cultures. The other poem is Unrelated Incidents written by Tom Leonard in 1969, the date is also shown in his poem by mentioning BBC which was created 50 years earlier. Both poems share many similarities such as; they make important points about shared identities as well as individual identity, cultures and the use of phonetics. These poems can also be linked as protest poems, poems that raise and to a degree complain about issues related to their cultural origins. Explain yuself, a repeated phrase throughout Half-Caste, portrays that Agard is complaining about our closed minds, and our ignorance to judge people on their appearance. However, the phrase may also mean that we do not express ourselves vividly. Moreover, yoo scruff, also repeated throughout the stanza of Unrelated Incidents, portrays that Leonard voices his complaints in insults, a different approach from Agard, in turn making this poem least effective from Agards, because not many take notice in something to which they are being offended.  Half-Caste, in my perspective, is about how differently people are treated for being a mixture, Agard describes how wrong it is, using metaphors in his rhetorical questions emphasizing that many things in this world are created using a mixture of things, but they are treated equally yet we treat each other according to our skin colour. However, in a different perspective, Half-Caste could further be about contradicting its readers into awareness that everything is Half-Caste, Picasso, a famous artist, was used with contrasting colours, mix red an green to show that even the famous are not a whole of something. Agard wanted its readers to clearly understand this point as he gives another example of it, Tchaikovsky, famous for his composing, shows that his work is great because he uses a mixture, mix a black key wid a white key. John Agards mother was Portuguese, and his father was black. Agard had his education in Guiana. When Agard moved to England, he became a touring lecturer for the common wealth institute, travelling to schools throughout the UK to promote a better understanding of Caribbean culture. Such experience could have shown Agard that thought and sight can corrupt language, revealing that language and sight can also corrupt thought, which could have affected Agards choice of rhetorical questions, grammar and the stanza structure. This poem may have also been used in other parts of the world due to the reflection of English culture, england weather nearly always half-caste, this implies that our weather is not at a high degrees on a daily basis, implying that England wears different clothes and our houses are made of different material due to the climate difference, which is completely different to the Caribbean culture, where they wear, what we call summer clothes, all year round. Agards culture is also shown in his punctuation, he is not English therefore he does not use English punctuation. This is effective because the reader would recognise this as they are familiar with their own punctuation and ways of writing and expect others to follow in their example, but Agard doesnt do this allowing for the reader to realise that theyve been deceived and that there isnt correct way of punctuation and writing.  The moods in the poem vary from each stanza. In the first stanza the mood is humorous, standing on one leg this could possibly be because Agard had overheard some people talking and wanted to enter the convosation politely, or it could be he wanted to gain their attention by using an intriguing simile. .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa , .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa .postImageUrl , .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa , .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa:hover , .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa:visited , .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa:active { border:0!important; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa:active , .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u21219235c9dbfaad5d3b5335cf8b02aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The novel Refugee Boy EssayIn the second stanza, the mood is intolerable, ah rass, an unpleasant Jamaican word, is used to show that Agard is tired of the same close-mindedness of people.  Moreover, the third stanza is more or less the same as the second, however, the forth and final stanza is pleasant and welcoming, an I will tell yu de other half of my story, in my point of view, this tells me that if you talk to him again open-minded he will share his knowledge of other cultures. Nevertheless it could also mean that if you are willing to listen he will explain the other part of his life.

Paper Products Corporation Essays (543 words) - Marketing

Paper Products Corporation Mary Miller is the marketing manager for Paper Products Corporation and she has to decide whether she should allow her largest customer to buy some of Paper Products' file folders and market them under their own name, (Natcom Inc.) rather than the File X's brand, used by Paper Products. Mary is afraid that if she doesn't accept the offer, the customer will find another file folder producer. Mary really only has two options; accept or refuse the offer from Natcom. There is a certain degree of risk involved with either option and she needs to decide which option is the safest for Paper Products Corporation. If Paper Products refuses the offer they are putting themselves in a position to possibly lose 30 percent of their business, approximately 12 million dollars per year. Even if Natcom continued purchasing their other supplies from Paper Products, and only quit purchasing file folders, the business would lose approximately 4.2 million dollars per year. If Mary decided to take the offer from Natcom, and allow them to sell Paper Products' file folders with their name, she would be going against company policy and it would not be easy to change this policy. It would be very easy for Paper Products to Accommodate Natcom's offer because they have excess capacity. If they turn down the business, Natcom could go to another producer and cut into Paper Products' sales at Natcom stores. Another benefit of this offer is that Paper Products would not have to spend any marketing dollars to acquire this new business. Natcom came to them with this offer and it did not cost Mary Miller, or Paper Products anything. According to the marketing concept, Mary should accept the offer from Natcom. As marketing Chris Phillips 293-78-3538 04/28/2000 manager, Mary should identify what the customer needs, and make Paper Products Inc. the best company at satisfying those needs for a profit. In this case the customer is Natcom and they obviously need to market a line of file folders with their name attached. This need should be clear to Mary because her customer has now approached her three times with this request. Mary will need her expert marketing skills when she tries to sell this idea to Bob Butcher, Paper Products president. Mr. Butcher is primarily interested in the development of new products but he will most likely be interested in this proposal since it deals with his companies' biggest customer. There will have to be a policy change for Paper Products Inc. concerning the corporate policy of refusing dealer-branding requests. Paper Products implemented this policy because they wanted the success of their products to depend on the quality rather than just a low price, but only 40 percent of their file folder products are in a specialized line while the other 60percent are relatively homogeneous shopping products. The success of the homogeneous file folders will be very dependent on the price rather than the quality, therefore this policy depending on quality rather than low price needs to be revised. Mary should also approach Mr. Butcher about using some more of the company's available money for the promotion of their existing brands. Paper Products needs to pull some of their money out of new-product development and attempt to achieve some market penetration. Although 60 percent of the current market does sound appealing, they may be able to grab some of the remaining 40 percent with some good promotions and market penetration.

Free Essays on Wal-mart Brazil

Wal-Mart Operations in Brazil Professor Masaaki Kotabe of The University of Texas at Austin Graduate School of Business and Kleber G. de Godoy and Moacir Salzstein of Fundaà §o Getà ºlio Vargas, So Paulo, Brazil, prepared this case as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective management of a situation described, 1997. Copyright  © 1997 by Masaaki Kotabe Introduction In September 1994, Brazil was experiencing a new thrust in its economy. After several years of hyperinflation, the "Real Plan", implemented in March, 1994, an economic stabilization program that indexed the Brazilian currency to the U.S. dollar, began to reduce inflation to reasonable levels. In February 1994, a monthly inflation rate was 40%, whereas by September it was a relatively low 3%. Lower inflation rates would help improve the purchasing power, particularly of the lower socioeconomic segment of the population. The optimistic scenario encouraged many foreign companies to make new investments in Brazil. If Brazil is the leading economy in Latin America, with a population of more than 150 million, why not invest there, now that a better business horizon lies ahead in this continental country? Wal-Mart Stores, the world leader in retailing, announced on May 9, 1994 that it had decided to invest heavily in Brazil, through a partnership with Lojas Americanas, Brazil's leading department store chain. Wal-Mart Stores would own 60% of Wal-Mart do Brasil, whereas Lojas Americanas would retain the remaining 40%. The North-American "giant" was known to provoke a market revolution in every country it decided to enter. Wal-Mart not only announced the decision to enter the market with Supercenters (stores with 20,000 m2 of area and more than 50,000 different items) and Sam's Club stores (a buyers' club, founded in 1976 in the U.S.). Brazilian competitors had good reasons to be concerned. Wal-Mart was known ... Free Essays on Wal-mart Brazil Free Essays on Wal-mart Brazil Wal-Mart Operations in Brazil Professor Masaaki Kotabe of The University of Texas at Austin Graduate School of Business and Kleber G. de Godoy and Moacir Salzstein of Fundaà §o Getà ºlio Vargas, So Paulo, Brazil, prepared this case as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective management of a situation described, 1997. Copyright  © 1997 by Masaaki Kotabe Introduction In September 1994, Brazil was experiencing a new thrust in its economy. After several years of hyperinflation, the "Real Plan", implemented in March, 1994, an economic stabilization program that indexed the Brazilian currency to the U.S. dollar, began to reduce inflation to reasonable levels. In February 1994, a monthly inflation rate was 40%, whereas by September it was a relatively low 3%. Lower inflation rates would help improve the purchasing power, particularly of the lower socioeconomic segment of the population. The optimistic scenario encouraged many foreign companies to make new investments in Brazil. If Brazil is the leading economy in Latin America, with a population of more than 150 million, why not invest there, now that a better business horizon lies ahead in this continental country? Wal-Mart Stores, the world leader in retailing, announced on May 9, 1994 that it had decided to invest heavily in Brazil, through a partnership with Lojas Americanas, Brazil's leading department store chain. Wal-Mart Stores would own 60% of Wal-Mart do Brasil, whereas Lojas Americanas would retain the remaining 40%. The North-American "giant" was known to provoke a market revolution in every country it decided to enter. Wal-Mart not only announced the decision to enter the market with Supercenters (stores with 20,000 m2 of area and more than 50,000 different items) and Sam's Club stores (a buyers' club, founded in 1976 in the U.S.). Brazilian competitors had good reasons to be concerned. Wal-Mart was known ...

Physical Descriptions Put Readers in Your Place

Physical Descriptions Put Readers in Your Place Physical Descriptions Put Readers in Your Place Physical Descriptions Put Readers in Your Place By Mark Nichol Writers deliver their stories fiction and nonfiction alike to readers more effectively when they use appearances of people, places, and things to help drive the narrative and illuminate personalities. Consider these ideas: People Some writers omit or minimize description of physical characteristics, considering them peripheral details, but revealing details about a person’s appearance can be a valuable narrative tool, especially when the description up-ends expectations. Helping readers picture a diminutive authority figure or a sturdy, six-foot-plus word nerd, for that matter lets them know that the tale isn’t going to be trite. Practice by jotting down notes about people you know or have seen in person or in images, but take care not to write as if you’re filling out a police report. Instead of describing someone as extremely tall, note how they have to duck their head to walk through a doorway. Rather than using a pedestrian word like huge or petite, use formidable or bantam. In describing hair or eye color, avoid â€Å"lustrous raven locks† and â€Å"limpid azure pools of light† phraseology (unless you’re penning a romance novel), and reach for unusual imagery like â€Å"hair like a tangle of copper filaments† or â€Å"milky-green eyes open wide in an attitude of perpetual astonishment.† Places For locations, employ the same strategy: Rehearse your writing by explaining the feel of a room, a street, or a park. Is it expansive, or economical? Friendly, or foreboding? Clean, or chaotic? What do your other senses tell you? What is the noise level? How does it smell? What are the textures like? Is it easy to walk through or along, or to otherwise navigate, or do obstacles interfere? If your story takes place in a natural landscape, describe the terrain and what associations it has based on whether it conjures a sense of grace, harmony, and peace or whether it is full of bleak, harsh, jagged features. How does the presence of vegetation, or bodies of water, contribute to the feel of the terrain? What effect does the weather produce? Place your characters in the context of their locations by showing, without telling, whether they are at home in their setting or whether the environment is alien to them, and how they respond to their feelings. Things Objects may seem devoid of interest, but even everyday devices can resonate and can be integral to a story. The way belongings are displayed and arrayed can say much about the personality of their owner, as can whether they were bought at a dollar store or from an upscale online catalog. Things can exude an aura, or can be imbued with qualitative or quantitative value. The ubiquity of an electronic device can convey how essential it is to its user, or how integral it is to that person’s self-perception because it (to their mind, at least) awards status. A possession can foreshadow an event or otherwise be key to a plot: A tech-dependent person, one who smugly employs a GPS but can’t read a map, is lost in the wilderness without either. An adored stuffed animal conceals a weapon or a treasure. An innocuous object regarded off-handedly but often ultimately becomes the linchpin (or is a MacGuffin). Even in nonfiction, descriptions of objects can be used to great effect. An account of an interview with a powerful person who fidgets with tchotchkes, for example, can reveal them as nervous or insecure without saying so in so many words. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of HumorThe Parts of a WordWood vs. Wooden

Molecular Basis of Disease Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Molecular Basis of Disease - Lab Report Example Staining is one of the techniques used in the characterization of cancer cells. The most commonly used staining methods and Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Generally the two methods have been used to differentiate between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of cells. Hematoxylin stains the nucleus purple while Eosin stains the cytoplasms pink. Cancer cells can also be stained particularly to differentiate them from other cells. However, it is imperative to note that there are preparation processes that should take place in order for tissue staining to be specific and relevant (Ahmed, 2007, p.490). Histopathology is a technique that involves the studying of disease development in tissues at the microscopic level. In medicine histopathology refers to the examination of tissue biopsies that have already been prepared through histological techniques and placed on glass slides. The histological techniques used in sample preparation are tissue harvesting, fixation, embedding, mounting and staini ng of the tissue sections. Tissue harvesting: it involves the surgical removal of the tissue followed fixing to ensure that the tissue is stable and that it does not decay. Fixation: two methods are used; chemical fixation and freeze fixation. Chemical fixation is done using formalin while freeze fixation is done using cryo-protectants such as OCT, TBS or Cryogel before freezing. Mounting: Tissues are placed in paraffin before being sectioned using a microtome before they are stained. Staining: The processed tissues are stained for viewing under a microscope. Objectives I. To prepare low and high power drawings of normal skin, breast and colon tissues. II. To prepare low and high power drawings of one diseased skin specimen or one diseased colon specimen. III. To prepare low power diagrams of all three diseased breast tissue specimens IV. To answer the relevant questions in the practical manual Materials I. Light microscope. II. Blank plain paper. III. Pencil IV. Specimens: a) Colon - Normal human - Polyposis b) Skin - Normal human - Basal cell carcinoma - Malignant Melanoma - Squamous cell carcinoma c) Breast - Normal human - Lobular hyperplasia - Fibrodenoma Methods Human Colon The slide was held up to the light and the darker purple staining layer of the gastric mucosa (inner most layer of colon) identified. The slide was then place on the stage so that the inner layer of the colon was on top. The upper edge of the specimen was then focused under low power magnification of the microscope (X40) and the following areas identified: gastric mucosa, muscularis mucosa, sub-mucosa and muscularis. After the major layers had been identified, the following layers were labeled: mucosa, colonic glands, gastric pits, sub-mucosa, muscularis mucosa (inner and outer layers) and blood vessels. A high power drawing of the gastric mucosa was the prepared and the following labeled: surface epithelium, colonic glands, goblet cells and lymphoid follicles. The same procedure was repeated for diseases colon cells and the differences between tissue specimens identified. Human Skin The slide was held up to the light to identify the outer layer of the skin. The slide was then placed on the stage so that the surface of the skin was positioned on top. The upper edge of the specimen was focused under low